Source: Wikipedia Understanding Photomultipliers: A Comprehensive Guide Construction and Operation Principle Photomultipliers are photoemissive detectors with high sensitivity due to an avalanche multiplication process. They consist of a vacuum glass tube where light is absorbed on a photocathode, generating free photoelectrons. These electrons are then accelerated to dynodes, where they multiply several times before being […]
Source: Coherent The Basics of Argon Ion Lasers Introduction to Argon Ion Lasers Argon ion lasers are a type of ion lasers that are commonly used in various applications. They are known for their ability to generate high optical power in the green or blue spectrum with excellent beam quality. These lasers are typically used
Source: SIOS Meßtechnik GmbH Helium-Neon Lasers: A Comprehensive Overview Helium-Neon Lasers: A Comprehensive Overview Introduction Helium-neon (He-Ne) lasers are a common type of gas lasers that operate continuously. They were the first gas lasers demonstrated back in 1961. These lasers emit red light at 632.8 nm with good beam quality and are typically used at
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Source: Carl Roth Understanding Microscopes: A Comprehensive Overview Introduction Microscopes are essential tools that enable the observation of small objects with enhanced detail. They come in various types, utilizing different forms of radiation for imaging, such as visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and electron beams. In this article, we will focus on optical microscopes, exploring
Source: Wikipedia The Basics of Phototubes in Photonics Introduction to Phototubes A phototube, also known as a photoelectric cell, is a photoemissive detector invented in 1893 by Julius Elster and Hans Geitel. It consists of a small glass tube containing electrodes where the external photoelectric effect is utilized. These tubes are either evacuated or filled
Source: Coherent Understanding Ion Lasers Introduction to Ion Lasers Ion lasers are a type of gas lasers that utilize ions as the laser-active medium. In these lasers, positively charged noble gas ions such as Ar+, Ar2+, or Kr+ are typically employed. The ions are generated through excitation processes in an intense electric dc arc discharge,
