Source: Lockheed Martin

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Focal Plane Arrays

Overview

In photonics, a focal plane array (FPA) is an array of light detectors placed in the focal plane of an imaging system. It consists of a large number of detectors arranged in a two-dimensional array. FPAs can be used in various applications due to their sensitivity and imaging capabilities.

Key Properties

Resolution

The resolution of an FPA is determined by the number of detector pixels in both directions. Higher resolutions result in better image quality, provided that the imaging optics are of high quality.

Readout Electronics

FPAs may include readout and processing electronics. Some provide digital outputs, while others have analog outputs. CCD and CMOS chips are commonly used for readout in FPAs.

Spectral Response

FPAs are available for various spectral regions, including visible, infrared, ultraviolet, and X-rays. Different detector technologies are used based on the desired spectral sensitivity.

Monolithic vs. Hybrid FPAs

FPAs can be monolithic (based on a single material) or hybrid (assembled from different materials). Hybrid FPAs offer enhanced spectral sensitivity compared to monolithic ones.

Dynamic Range

The dynamic range of an FPA determines the range of signal levels it can detect. Analog FPAs have dynamic ranges based on output signals and noise levels, while digital FPAs use bits per pixel for dynamic range.

Applications

FPAs are used for imaging in various fields, such as astronomy and photography. They are also utilized in spectrometers and wavefront sensors for specific applications.

Conclusion

Focal plane arrays are essential components in modern imaging systems, offering high sensitivity and resolution for a wide range of applications. Advancements in detector technologies continue to enhance the performance of FPAs in various industries.

Source: Princeton Infrared Technologies
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